PERBEDAAN PADA AWAL RAMADHAN 2013

Awal bulan Ramadhan memang selalu terjadi perbedaan antar kalangan umat beragama di berbagai daerah.

tapi perbedaan bukanlah sesuatu yang harus diperselisihkan. jadikanlah perbedaan dalam tubuh umat islam sebagai rahmat dan kekayaan umat islam itu sendiri.

Hal itulah yang terjadi pada awal ramadhan 2013 M / 1434 H. Ramadhan tahun ini umat Islam Indonesia diperkirakan akan mengawali Ramadhan pada hari yang berbeda, yaitu Selasa (9/7/2013) dan Rabu (10/7/2013). Namun, kemungkinan besar mereka akan mengakhiri puasa dan merayakan Idul Fitri secara bersama-sama pada Kamis, 8 Agustus.
Kondisi itu sama seperti Ramadhan tahun lalu. Perbedaan muncul sebagai akibat penggunaan kriteria awal bulan dalam kalender Hijriah yang berbeda, yaitu terbentuknya hilal (wujudul hilal) dan terlihatnya hilal (rukyatul hilal). Perbedaan bukan sekadar akibat penggunaan metode perhitungan (hisab) atau melihat (rukyat) hilal semata.

”Beda kriteria ini bersumber dari perbedaan tafsir atas dalil agama yang digunakan,” kata dosen Astronomi Institut Teknologi Bandung yang juga anggota Badan Hisab Rukyat Pusat, Moedji Raharto, Rabu (3/7/2013).

Kelompok yang mengawali Ramadhan pada Selasa menggunakan kriteria terbentuknya hilal atau bulan sabit tipis pertama. Kriteria ini digunakan berdasar perhitungan, tanpa mensyaratkan hilal tersebut bisa dilihat atau dibuktikan keberadaannya.

Adapun kelompok yang memulai Ramadhan pada Rabu, memakai kriteria terlihatnya hilal, tidak cukup asal terbentuknya hilal. Pengamatan hilal dengan mata atau teleskop dilakukan untuk membuktikan keberadaan hilal berdasar perhitungan yang dilakukan sebelumnya.

Perbedaan kriteria itu, kata Moedji, membuat sama atau berbedanya awal bulan Hijriah sangat bergantung pada posisi Bulan. Posisi Bulan setiap menjelang awal bulan Hijriah bersifat dinamis, tidak selalu sama.

Jika kesegarisan Matahari-Bulan-Bumi yang juga disebut konjungsi (ijtimak) terjadi menjelang terbenamnya Matahari, biasanya kedua kelompok pengguna kriteria awal bulan yang berbeda itu akan mengawali awal bulan Hijriah dengan berbeda.

Kondisi itulah yang terjadi pada Ramadhan kali ini. Konjungsi yang menandai siklus bulan baru terjadi pada Senin (8/7/2013), sekitar 3 jam sebelum Matahari terbenam untuk wilayah barat daya Indonesia. Artinya, saat Matahari terbenam, hilal sudah terbentuk tetapi akan sulit diamati karena dianggap Bulan ”belum cukup umur”.

Berdasar pengalaman observasi hilal selama ini, belum cukupnya umur Bulan membuat posisi hilal terlalu dekat Matahari. Ketinggiannya dari horizon juga terlalu rendah dan ketebalan hilal sangat tipis. Semua kondisi itu membuat hilal sulit diamati.

Dosen Pendidikan Fisika Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI) yang juga anggota Tim Pengamat Hilal UPI, Judhistira Aria Utama, mengatakan, selama kondisi atmosfer bersih, cuaca mendukung dan menggunakan teleskop dengan perbesaran tertentu, tetap ada peluang hilal teramati.

Namun, agar kesaksian melihat hilal dalam kondisi Bulan belum cukup umur tersebut dapat diterima, kesaksian itu harus didukung bukti autentik yang tepercaya.

”Selama ini, laporan melihat hilal dalam umur Bulan yang sangat muda hanya berupa laporan pandangan mata, tidak ada bukti citra atau foto yang mendukung sehingga kesahihannya diragukan,” katanya.

Potensi salah melihat obyek yang dianggap hilal, padahal bukan hilal, juga sangat mungkin terjadi. Jika tidak cermat dan kurang terampil, pengamat bisa menyangka planet atau awan terang sebagai hilal.

Kedua kelompok dengan kriteria awal bulan berbeda itu kemungkinan besar akan mengakhiri Ramadhan atau merayakan Lebaran bersama-sama. Idul Fitri 1 Syawal 1434 diperkirakan jatuh pada Kamis, 8 Agustus 2013.

Konjungsi awal Syawal terjadi pada Rabu (7/8/2013) sekitar pukul 4 pagi. Akibatnya, saat Matahari terbenam, hilal tidak hanya sudah terbentuk, tetapi sudah ”cukup umur”. Saat Matahari terbenam, Bulan sudah berumur lebih dari 13 jam sehingga ketinggiannya dari horizon dan jaraknya terhadap Matahari sudah memungkinkan untuk dilihat.

Global

Perbedaan penentuan awal Ramadhan dan Syawal ini bukan hanya terjadi di Indonesia. Data Proyek Pengamatan Hilal Global (Islamic Crescent Observation Project/ICOP) yang berisi laporan pengamatan hilal di seluruh dunia menyebut 1 Ramadhan di Turki dan Amerika Serikat jatuh pada Selasa (9/7/2013). Adapun di Oman, Ramadhan dimulai pada Rabu (10/7/2013).

Dalam kalender Ummul Qura Pemerintah Arab Saudi, berdasarkan data hisab, 1 Ramadhan diperkirakan jatuh pada Selasa. Namun, ini masih menunggu kepastian dari hasil rukyat. Penentuan awal bulan Ramadhan, Syawal, dan Zulhijah di Arab Saudi dilakukan dengan melihat hilal. Namun, untuk sembilan bulan lain menggunakan kriteria terbentuknya hilal.

Ketentuan Ramadhan di Arab Saudi tidak bisa serta-merta diterapkan di Indonesia. Posisi hilal berbeda-beda di tiap tempat.

Cara serupa juga dilakukan di Indonesia. Melihat hilal hanya dilakukan untuk tiga bulan yang terkait ibadah wajib. Namun untuk bulan-bulan lain, digunakan kriteria Majelis Agama Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia dan Singapura (MABIMS) sebagai batas minimal hilal bisa dilihat dengan mata telanjang.

Penyatuan

Upaya penyatuan kriteria awal bulan Hijriah itu sudah lama dilakukan pemerintah. Namun, hingga kini belum ada kesepakatan yang dicapai. Langkah nyata diperlukan agar umat segera mendapat kepastian penanggalan.

Untuk menyatukan kriteria awal bulan, butuh pemahaman yang sama tentang dalil agama yang melandasinya. Setelah itu, dibutuhkan komitmen kuat untuk membangun sistem kalender yang bisa diterima secara global dan berbasis pada data ilmu pengetahuan yang kuat.

Sembari mendorong penyatuan kriteria awal bulan Hijriah, para astronom dalam lingkup nasional dan internasional terus bekerja mengajukan bukti-bukti autentik tentang citra pengamatan hilal. Bukti yang diperoleh diharapkan mampu memperbarui teknik perhitungan bulan yang dilakukan.

”Hisab dan rukyat harus saling mendukung, tidak perlu menghilangkan salah satunya,” kata Moedji.

Perhitungan yang baik akan mendukung proses pengamatan. Sebaliknya, hasil pengamatan yang baik akan memperbaiki presisi perhitungan.

Dari pengalaman tahun lalu, perbedaan dalam mengawali Ramadhan tidak akan menimbulkan gesekan sebesar jika perbedaan terjadi saat mengakhiri Ramadhan, seperti pada Idul Fitri tahun 2011. Namun, itu tak dapat dijadikan alasan untuk menunda penyatuan awal bulan Hijriah segera. Setidaknya, potensi beda masih akan terjadi dalam penentuan awal Ramadhan dan Idul Adha tahun 2014.


sedangkan menurut BMKG ( Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika ) Informasi Hilal saat Matahari Terbenam, Senin, 8 Juli 2013 M: Penentu Awal Bulan Ramadhan 1434 H sebagai berikut.


Waktu Konjungsi (Ijtima’) dan Terbenam Matahari

Konjungsi geosentrik atau konjungsi atau ijtima’ adalah peristiwa ketika bujur ekliptika Bulan
sama dengan bujur ekliptika Matahari dengan pengamat diandaikan berada di pusat Bumi. Peristiwa
ini akan kembali terjadi pada hari Senin, 8 Juli 2013 M, pukul 7 : 14 UT pukul 14 : 14 WIB atau 15
: 14 WITA 16 : 14 WIT, yaitu ketika nilai bujur ekliptika Matahari dan Bulan tepat sama 106,299o.
Pada saat konjungsi tersebut, jarak sudut Matahari dan Bulan (elongasi) adalah 4,440o. Elongasi ini
lebih besar daripada jumlah semi diameter Bulan dan Matahari pada saat tersebut, yaitu 0,507o.
Periode sinodis Bulan sendiri terhitung sejak konjungsi sebelumnya hingga konjungsi yang akan
datang ini adalah 29 hari 15 jam 18 menit.
Waktu terbenam Matahari dinyatakan ketika bagian atas piringan Matahari tepat di horizonteramati.
Keadaan ini bergantung pada berbagai hal, yang di antaranya adalah semi diameter
Matahari, efek refraksi atmosfer Bumi dan elevasi lokasi pengamat di atas permukaan laut (dpl).
Dalam perhitungan standar penentuan waktu terbenam Matahari, semi diameter Matahari dianggap
16’, efek refraksi atmosfer dianggap 34’ dan elevasi pengamat dianggap 0 meter dpl (Seidelmann,
1992). Berdasarkan hal ini Matahari terbenam di wilayah Indonesia pada tanggal 8 Juli 2013 paling
awal terjadi pada pukul 17 : 33 WIT di Merauke dan paling akhir terjadi pada pukul 18 : 57 WIB di
Sabang.
Dengan memperhatikan waktu konjungsi dan Matahari terbenam, dapat dikatakan bahwa
konjungsi terjadi sebelum Matahari terbenam tanggal 8 Juli 2013 di wilayah Indonesia. Dengan
demikian, secara astronomis waktu pelaksanaan rukyat Hilal di wilayah Indonesia adalah setelah
Matahari terbenam tanggal 8 Juli 2013.

jadi kemungkinan sebagian besar ummat islam indonesia akan memuai puasa Ramadhan 2013 / 1434 H pada hari selasa ( 09 Juli 2013 ).

KENAIKAN BBM

kenaikan BBM ( Bahan Bakar Minyak ) memang adalah program pemerintah, tapi jika naik terlalu drastis maka akan dapat menimbulkan Aksi Demo bahkan kerusuhan di berbagai tempat karena biasanya kenaikan BBM di idringi dengan kelangkaan BBM.

contoh kerusuhan yang terjadi adalah di SPBU Simpang Sender, Kecamatan Buay Pematang Ribu Ranau Tengah, Kabupaten OKU Selatan, akhirnya memakan korban. 

pemicu perkelahian itu disebabkan terjadinya aksi rebutan untuk saling mendahului mendapatkan BBM jenis premium.  Dua kakak beradik, Hamka dan Dedi, warga Kelurahan Simpang Sender menjadi korban pembacokan yang dilakukan petugas SPBU, Rohim bersama tiga saudaranya.

peristiwa tersebut sempat membuat suasana di sekitar SPBU mencekam.

The Winepress

The Winepress

by Josef Essberger

"You don't have to be French to enjoy a decent red wine," Charles Jousselin de Gruse used to tell his foreign guests whenever he entertained them in Paris. "But you do have to be French to recognize one," he would add with a laugh.

After a lifetime in the French diplomatic corps, the Count de Gruse lived with his wife in an elegant townhouse on Quai Voltaire. He was a likeable man, cultivated of course, with a well deserved reputation as a generous host and an amusing raconteur.

This evening's guests were all European and all equally convinced that immigration was at the root of Europe's problems. Charles de Gruse said nothing. He had always concealed his contempt for such ideas. And, in any case, he had never much cared for these particular guests.

The first of the red Bordeaux was being served with the veal, and one of the guests turned to de Gruse.

"Come on, Charles, it's simple arithmetic. Nothing to do with race or colour. You must've had bags of experience of this sort of thing. What d'you say?"

"Yes, General. Bags!"

Without another word, de Gruse picked up his glass and introduced his bulbous, winey nose. After a moment he looked up with watery eyes.

"A truly full-bodied Bordeaux," he said warmly, "a wine among wines."

The four guests held their glasses to the light and studied their blood-red contents. They all agreed that it was the best wine they had ever tasted.

---

One by one the little white lights along the Seine were coming on, and from the first-floor windows you could see the brightly lit bateaux-mouches passing through the arches of the Pont du Carrousel. The party moved on to a dish of game served with a more vigorous claret.

"Can you imagine," asked de Gruse, as the claret was poured, "that there are people who actually serve wines they know nothing about?"

"Really?" said one of the guests, a German politician.

"Personally, before I uncork a bottle I like to know what's in it."

"But how? How can anyone be sure?"

"I like to hunt around the vineyards. Take this place I used to visit in Bordeaux. I got to know the winegrower there personally. That's the way to know what you're drinking."

"A matter of pedigree, Charles," said the other politician.

"This fellow," continued de Gruse as though the Dutchman had not spoken, "always gave you the story behind his wines. One of them was the most extraordinary story I ever heard. We were tasting, in his winery, and we came to a cask that made him frown. He asked if I agreed with him that red Bordeaux was the best wine in the world. Of course, I agreed. Then he made the strangest statement.

"'The wine in this cask,' he said, and there were tears in his eyes, 'is the best vintage in the world. But it started its life far from the country where it was grown.'"

De Gruse paused to check that his guests were being served.

"Well?" said the Dutchman.

De Gruse and his wife exchanged glances.

"Do tell them, mon chéri," she said.

De Gruse leaned forwards, took another sip of wine, and dabbed his lips with the corner of his napkin. This is the story he told them.

---

At the age of twenty-one, Pierre - that was the name he gave the winegrower - had been sent by his father to spend some time with his uncle in Madagascar. Within two weeks he had fallen for a local girl called Faniry, or "Desire" in Malagasy. You could not blame him. At seventeen she was ravishing. In the Malagasy sunlight her skin was golden. Her black, waist-length hair, which hung straight beside her cheeks, framed large, fathomless eyes. It was a genuine coup de foudre, for both of them. Within five months they were married. Faniry had no family, but Pierre's parents came out from France for the wedding, even though they did not strictly approve of it, and for three years the young couple lived very happily on the island of Madagascar. Then, one day, a telegram came from France. Pierre's parents and his only brother had been killed in a car crash. Pierre took the next flight home to attend the funeral and manage the vineyard left by his father.

Faniry followed two weeks later. Pierre was grief-stricken, but with Faniry he settled down to running the vineyard. His family, and the lazy, idyllic days under a tropical sun, were gone forever. But he was very happily married, and he was very well-off. Perhaps, he reasoned, life in Bordeaux would not be so bad.

But he was wrong. It soon became obvious that Faniry was jealous. In Madagascar she had no match. In France she was jealous of everyone. Of the maids. Of the secretary. Even of the peasant girls who picked the grapes and giggled at her funny accent. She convinced herself that Pierre made love to each of them in turn.

She started with insinuations, simple, artless ones that Pierre hardly even recognized. Then she tried blunt accusation in the privacy of their bedroom. When he denied that, she resorted to violent, humiliating denouncements in the kitchens, the winery, the plantations. The angel that Pierre had married in Madagascar had become a termagant, blinded by jealousy. Nothing he did or said could help. Often, she would refuse to speak for a week or more, and when at last she spoke it would only be to scream yet more abuse or swear again her intention to leave him. By the third vine-harvest it was obvious to everyone that they loathed each other.

One Friday evening, Pierre was down in the winery, working on a new electric winepress. He was alone. The grape-pickers had left. Suddenly the door opened and Faniry entered, excessively made up. She walked straight up to Pierre, flung her arms around his neck, and pressed herself against him. Even above the fumes from the pressed grapes he could smell that she had been drinking.

"Darling," she sighed, "what shall we do?"

He badly wanted her, but all the past insults and humiliating scenes welled up inside him. He pushed her away.

"But, darling, I'm going to have a baby."

"Don't be absurd. Go to bed! You're drunk. And take that paint off. It makes you look like a tart."

Faniry's face blackened, and she threw herself at him with new accusations. He had never cared for her. He cared only about sex. He was obsessed with it. And with white women. But the women in France, the white women, they were the tarts, and he was welcome to them. She snatched a knife from the wall and lunged at him with it. She was in tears, but it took all his strength to keep the knife from his throat. Eventually he pushed her off, and she stumbled towards the winepress. Pierre stood, breathing heavily, as the screw of the press caught at her hair and dragged her in. She screamed, struggling to free herself. The screw bit slowly into her shoulder and she screamed again. Then she fainted, though whether from the pain or the fumes he was not sure. He looked away until a sickening sound told him it was over. Then he raised his arm and switched the current off.

---

The guests shuddered visibly and de Gruse paused in his story.

"Well, I won't go into the details at table," he said. "Pierre fed the rest of the body into the press and tidied up. Then he went up to the house, had a bath, ate a meal, and went to bed. The next day, he told everyone Faniry had finally left him and gone back to Madagascar. No-one was surprised."

He paused again. His guests sat motionless, their eyes turned towards him.

"Of course," he continued, "Sixty-five was a bad year for red Bordeaux. Except for Pierre's. That was the extraordinary thing. It won award after award, and nobody could understand why."

The general's wife cleared her throat.

"But, surely," she said, "you didn't taste it?"

"No, I didn't taste it, though Pierre did assure me his wife had lent the wine an incomparable aroma."

"And you didn't, er, buy any?" asked the general.

"How could I refuse? It isn't every day that one finds such a pedigree."

There was a long silence. The Dutchman shifted awkwardly in his seat, his glass poised midway between the table and his open lips. The other guests looked around uneasily at each other. They did not understand.

"But look here, Gruse," said the general at last, "you don't mean to tell me we're drinking this damned woman now, d'you?"

De Gruse gazed impassively at the Englishman.

"Heaven forbid, General," he said slowly. "Everyone knows that the best vintage should always come first."